The European Framework for Research Careers (2011)  describes four broad profiles on the researchers’ career development, which are independent of any particular sector (universities, research institutions, companies or NGOs):

• Researcher R1: First Stage Researcher. Individuals doing research under supervision in industry, research institutes or universities. It includes doctoral candidates.
• Researcher R2: Recognised Researcher. PhD holders who have not yet established a significant level of independence, and researchers with an equivalent level of experience and competence.
• Researcher R3: Established Researcher. Researchers who have developed a level of independence.
• Researcher R4: Leading Researcher. Researchers leading their research area or field. It would include the team leader of a research group or head of an industry R&D laboratory. In particular disciplines as an exception, leading researchers may include individuals who operate as lone researchers.